Understanding File Permissions:

• Permissions are displayed as -rwxr-xr--:

  • r: Read

  • w: Write

  • x: Execute

  • -: No permission

Changing File Permissions:

• Command: chmod [permissions] [filename]

• Example: chmod 755 script.sh

• Numeric mode:

  • 7: Read, Write, Execute

  • 5: Read, Execute

  • 4: Read

Changing Ownership:

• Command: chown [user]:[group] [filename]

• Example: sudo chown john:developers file.txt